Case type: Defamation
Summary: Margaret Read v Richard Lace: Richard calls Margaret a whore as they argue over a quarter of mutton in Thomas Bedill's shop in Newport (Isle of Wight).
Source: Hampshire Record Office, 21M65-C3-9
Gloss: definitions of key terminology.
Interpretation: matters of interest and importance relating to how evidence recorded in the depositions is analysed.
Technicalities of the court: procedural information about the operation of the courts and the recording of depositional evidence.
Sup[er] Li[bel]lo ex p[ar]te M[ar]garete Reade con Rich[ard]um Lace dat.
Thomas Bedill de St Crosse iux[t]a Newport Butcher, ubi mora[m] ferit p[er] xxx ann[orum] etate circit[er] lv ann[es] libe[ere] &c testis &c dicit q[uo]d p[ar]tes litigan b[e]n[e] novit./
Ad 1 refert se ad iur[a] /
Ad 2 depo[ni]t et dicit. That
betwene michellmas & Christmas last,(ut recolit
et al[ite]r non recolit tempus) this depo[nen]t upo[n] a wenisday
in ye morning abowt lecture tyme, coming fro[m] his howse towardes ye Church to ye
lecture, &
having his man keping
his shopp in ye Towne of Newport, when he was allmost
at
his shop espyed both ye said M[ar]garet Reade and ye said Richard Lace
dep[ar]ting fro[m]
his shopp w[i]thowt bieng any meate viz
lace first & M[ar]garett afterwards This depo[nen]t asked ye reason
of his servant who awnswered they wold not give to ye value w[i]thin a while
aft[e]r eith[e]r of the[m] had furth[e]r veiewed ye m[ar]kett, first ye
said m[ar]garett returneth to
this depo[nen]tes said shop & demannded
of W[illia]m farnam
his servant aforesaid wheth[e]r she shold have ye quarter of mutton for
ye price she had before offered to him (this depo[nen]t the[n] being at
his
shopp) No q[uo]d You shall & you will q[uo]d farna[m] you know ye p[ri]ce
therof. / Then cutt it owt q[uo]d she whereupo[n] the said
farnam was a
Cleving of it owt / And as he was so doing ye said Lace also returned & asked wheth[e]r
he shuld have ye half shepe / farnam awnswered / I have sold a quarter of it to the mayde
here / No q[uo]d Lace she shall not have it I have bought it, whereupon som[e] wordes
encreased betwixt the said Richard Lace & M[ar]garett Reade / Emongst
w[hi]ch this depo[nen]t well reme[m]breth yt in heate he hard the said Lace
in his heate & hast speke these wordes in effect to the said m[ar]garett viz
Thow art a
shitten whore & an
arrant whoreor to the said effect & this depo[nen]t hering ye
said speches & ther brablinge their went fro[m]
his shopp & left them there
a wording. ut depo[ni]t et al[ite]r nescit depon[er]e.
Ad 3 nescit depon[er]e.
Ad 4 ver[um] est
Ad 5 refert se ad iur[a]
Ad ult p[re]depo[s]ita p[ar] eu[m] sunt ver[a] &c.
Idem sup[er] Interrogatoriis.
Ad 1 r[esp]ondet q[uo]d oriund fuit ap[u]d Estampsted in Berks & was seased at xiii L yn goodes in the last subsedye boke. resid satisferit./
Ad 2. et 3. r[esp]ondet p[ro]ut ad 2 ar[ticu]lum li[bel]li dep[oni]t et al[ite]r nescit depon[er]e./
Ad 4 nescit r[esp]ondere
Ad 5. et 6. r[esp]ondet nega[tiv]e.
Ad 7 r[esp]ondet q[uo]d p[ar]tibus indifferens et vellet victoriam ins habenti:/
Ad 8. 9. et 10. r[esp]ondet nega[tiv]e.
Ad 11 et 13 r[esp]ondet That aft[e]r those speches w[hi]ch the said lace uttered against ye said m[ar]garett / she called him shittin cap. et al[ite]r r[esp]ondet nega[tiv]e.
Ad 12 r[esp]ondet nega[tiv]e.
Ad 14 r[esp]ondet nega[tiv]e.
Will[iamu]s Farnham de Newport butcher ubi mora[m] ferit circit[er] v ann[es] oriund ap[u]d Coscom in Com[itatus] dors[et] etate circiter xxiii ann[es] libe[re] &c testis &c dicit q[uo]d p[ar]tes litigan b[e]n[e] novit./
Ad 1 refert se ad iur[a]
Ad 2 depo[ni]t et dicit yt upo[n] a wenisday abowt iii wekes
before Xpemas last ut
recolit et al[ite]r no[n] recolit tempus, this depo[nen]t
being in
the shop
of Thom[a]s Bediall his Mr in Newport to sell flesh / the said
Lace cam[e] into
the shopp to buye
two hinde quarters of Mutton & aft[e]r he had agreed w[i]th this depo[nen]t
to have the same, he went furth[e]r into ye m[ar]kett not paying this depo[nen]t for yt mutton. /
in the meane while the said M[ar]garett Lace Reade cam[e] to
the s[ai]d shop & wold have
bought one of those hinde quarters & as this depo[nen]t was
cleving of it owt the said Lace
returned back againe to
ye shopp. to whom this depo[nen]t sayde, goodma[n] Lace migg must
have one of these quarters, he awnswered yt she shuld not she said she wold if this depo[nen]t
wold lett her have it / hereupo[n] Lace grew into a greate heate & rage & uttered these
wordes in effect to her the said m[ar]garett Lace viz Thow art an
arrant whore. & those wordes the
said Lace iterated to her once or twise more / in such vehemencye as besides the wordes he was likely
also to have striken the said m[ar]garett w[i]th one of the quarters of mutton if this
depo[nen]t had not stayed him to the contrary At the premises was p[re]sent lening against
the shopp bulke Thom[a]s Bedill aforesaid et al[ite]r nescit depon[er]e.
Ad 3 ar[ticu]lum nescit depon[er]e.
Ad 4 depo[ni]t yt the said Lace dwelleth at the Cowes in the Isle of Weght et al[ite]r nescit depon[er]e.
Ad 5 refert se ad iur[a]
Ad ult p[re]depo[s]ita p[ar] eu[m] sunt ver[a] &c.
Idem sup[er] Interr[ogatoriis]
Ad 1 r[esp]ondet q[uo]d satisferit in exordio deponis sue.
Ad 2 et 3 r[esp]ondet q[uo]d satisferit p[re]depo[s]ite p[ar] eu[m].
Ad 4 nescit r[esp]ondere
Ad 5. et 6. r[esp]ondet nega[tiv]e.
Ad 7 r[esp]ondet q[uo]d vellet victor[iam] ins henti.
Ad 8. 9. et 10. r[esp]ondet nega[tiv]e.
Ad 11. r[esp]ondet That the said he is verie certaine of it yt the said m[ar]garett Reade did not at that tyme in this depouse
any opp[ro]brious or malapart speches to the said Lace, before such tyme as the said Lace towld
her yt she was an
arrant whore, ut rondet./
Ad 12 r[esp]ondent yt some idle flieing speches he this r[esp]ondent hath harde to the effect ar[ticu]late, but p[re]cisely of whom he hard any such
report, or how true ye report is this r[esp]ondent cannot tell. / et al[ite]r nescit r[esp]ondere
Ad 12 r[esp]ondet That Emanuel Barker afor
michellmas last towlde this r[esp]ondent that he was
w[i]th
the said M[ar]garett Reade in the litle p[ar]lor at Mres in her mistress howse in the
night tyme et al[ite]r nescit r[esp]ondere /
Ad 13 et 14 that aft[er] the said Lace had called ye said M[ar]garett
arrant whore, she
replied unto him imediately & sayde she he was a shitten Cap[er] & furth[e]r she towlde
him to this effect. / you have ye world at will now you have litle hell at Cows, whereto Lace awnswered I wold
thow shuldst know it we have as honest women there as thow or thy grete grandmoth[e]r ut r[esp]ondet
al[ite]r nescit r[esp]ondere
The libel on the part of Margaret Read against Richard Lace.
Thomas Bedill of St Cross near Newport, butcher, where he has lived for 30 years, age 55. He says he knows the litigant parties well.
To 1 he refers himself to the law.
To 2 he deposes and says that
between Michaelmas and Christmas last (he recalls and otherwise cannot recall the time), this deponent upon a Wednesday
in the morning about lecture time, coming from his house towards the church to the lecture and
having his man keeping
his shop
in the town of Newport, when he was almost at
his shop espied both the said Margaret Read and the said Richard Lace
departing from
his shop without buying any meat viz. Lace first, and Margaret afterwards. This deponent asked the reason of his servant who answered
they would not give to the value. Within a while after either of them had further viewed the market, first the said Margaret returned to
this deponent's said shop
and demanded of William Farnam,
his servant aforesaid, whether she should have the quarter of mutton for the price she had before offered to him (this deponent
then being at
his shop)No, said 'You shall and you will' said Farnam, 'you know the price thereof'. 'Then cut it out', said she, whereupon the said
Farnam was cleaving of it out. And as he was so doing, the said Lace also returned and asked whether he should have the half sheep. Farnam answered, 'I have sold
a quarter of it to the maid here'. 'No', said Lace, 'she shall not have it, I have bought it'. Whereupon some words increased between the said Richard Lace and Margaret Read, amongst
which this deponent well remembers that in heat he heard the said Lace in his heat and haste speak these words in effect to the said Margaret viz:
'Thow art a
shitten whore and an
arrant whore' or to the said effect and this deponent hearing the
said speeches and their brabbling, there went from
his shop and left them there a wording. [This] he deposes and otherwise knows nothing.
To 3 he knows nothing.
To 4 he says it is true.
To 5 he refers himself to the law.
To the final he says that what he has deposed is true.
Interrogatories
To 1 he responds that he was born in East Hampstead in Berkshire and was seized at £13 in goods in the last subsidy book. and the rest he has already satisfied in his deposition.
To 2 and 3 he responds as to Article 2 of the libel and otherwise he knows nothing.
To 4 he knows nothing.
To 5 and 6 he responds no.
To 7 he responds that he wishes victory to the parties equally.
To 8, 9 and 10, he responds no.
To 11 and 13 he responds that after those speeches which the said Lace uttered against the said Margaret, she called him 'shittin cap' and otherwise he responds no.
To 12 he responds no.
To 14 he responds no.
William Farnham of Newport, butcher, where he has lived for five years, born in Corscombe in the county of Dorset, age 23. He says he knows the litigant parties well.
To 1 he refers himself to the law.
To 2 he deposes and says that upon a Wednesday about three weeks
before Christmas last he recalls and otherwise cannot recall the time, this deponent
being in
the shop of Thomas Bediall, his Mr, in Newport to sell flesh, the said
Lace came into
the shop to buy two hind quarters of mutton. And after he had agreed with this deponent
to have the same, he went further into the market, not paying this deponent for that mutton. In the meanwhile, the said Margaret Lace Read came to
the said shop and would have bought one of those hind quarters and as this deponent was
cleaving of it out the said Lace
returned back again to
the shop, to whom this deponent said, 'Goodman Lace, Migg must
have one of these quarters'. He answered that she should not. She said she would if this deponent would let her have it. Hereupon Lace grew into a great heat and rage and uttered these
words in effect to her, the said Margaret Lace viz: 'Thow art an
arrant whore'. And those words the said Lace iterated to her once or twice more,
in such vehemency as besides the words, he was likely also to have struck the said Margaret with one of the quarters of mutton if this deponent had not stayed him to the contrary.
At the premises was present, leaning against
the shop bulk, Thomas Bedill aforesaid. And otherwise he knows nothing.
To Article 3 he knows nothing.
To 4 he deposes that the said Lace dwells at the Cowes in the Isle of Wight and otherwise he knows nothing.
To 5 he refers himself to the law.
To the final he says that what he has deposed is true.
Interrogatories
To 1 he responds that he has already satisfied this in the beginning of his deposition.
To 2 and 3 he responds that he has already satisfied this in what he has already deposed.
To 4 he cannot answer.
To 5 and 6 he responds no.
To 7 he responds that he wishes victory to either party.
To 8, 9 and 10 he responds no.
To 11 he responds that the said he is very certain of it that the said Margaret Read did not at that time in this depo use
any opprobrious or malapart speeches to the said Lace, before such time as the said Lace told her that she was an
arrant whore.
To 12 he responds that some idle flying speeches he this respondent has heard to the effect, but precisely of whom he heard any such
report, or how true the report is, this respondent cannot tell. And otherwise he knows nothing.
To 12 he responds that Emmanuel Barker before
Michaelmas last told this respondent that he was
with
the said Margaret Read in the little parlour at Mres in her Mistress' house in the
night time and otherwise he knows nothing.
To 13 and 14 that after the said Lace had called the said Margaret
arrant whore, she
replied unto him immediately and said she he was a shitten caper and further she told
him to this effect: 'You have the world at will, now you have little hell at Cowes', whereto Lace awnswered 'I would
thow should know it, we have as honest women there as thow or thy great grandmother' and responds that otherise he knows nothing.
Male depositions: occupational or social status descriptors (e.g. baker, joiner, yeoman) were typically recorded in the brief biographical statement at the beginning of the deposition.
In describing when a particular event had taken place, witnesses often reported the time in relation to the liturgical calendar (e.g.referring to church seasons and feast days).
Patterns of work: Thomas Bedill's servant, William Farnham, is responsible for looking after the shop in his master's absence.
The shop, where these male butchers worked, was near to (and perhaps part of) Newport market.
In the biographical preamble to his deposition (below), William Farnam is referred to as a butcher, but he is also described as Thomas Bedill’s servant. Male servants often adopted the occupational identity of their employers.
Butchery: evidence of men's work. However, some women recorded in court depositions also performed tasks relating to butchery.
'Whore' was an actionable word in the church courts.
Statement of worth: in interrogatory questioning, witnesses were often asked to state how much they (or another witness) were worth (all debts paid). The question was designed to discredit witnesses based on their economic value. Reputation and credibility was linked to economic wealth; those of higher social status and wealth were presumed to be more trustworthy. Some described their worth as a cash value, some in terms of the goods they owned and others talked about their worth in much broader terms (e.g. 'not much worth').
Witnesses were asked to sign their depositions: signatures range from full names to simply initials or marks (sometimes images linked with trades).
Both men and women were engaged in commerce (buying and selling).
As Margaret Read (the plaintiff) has allegedly been defamed, it is important that the interrogatory questioning attempts to establish her dishonesty or poor reputation. Here, William Farnham suggests she had illicit relations with Emmanuel Barker in her mistress' house.
Until the Gregorian Calendar was adopted in 1752, the English New Year began on 25th March. According to our modern dating system, this deposition was actually taken in 1586.
This is a dispute between private parties, known in the church courts as an instance suit.